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Socratic Method
Altruism
Plato’s Academy vs. Aristotle: Earliest “Universities”
Principal of Charity
People
Bertrand Russell Socrates Aristotle Plato
Why do you think what you think, feel what you feel, and do what you do?
History of Philosophy
- Ancient Greece. Buddhism and Jainism in Asia; Philosophy in Greece.
- Phylos vs. Mythos: Science (Scientific and analytical) vs. Storytelling (Literary like Homer).
- “Philosophia” (Greek) meaning “the love of wisdom.”
- “Philosophy” or the academic study of anything. Over time evolved into the way of thinking about questions.
Five Branches of Philosophy
- Metaphysics: Studies the nature of reality.
- Epistemology: Studies the nature of knowledge.
- Ethics: Studies what evaluates human conduct. Part of Value Theory.
- Aesthetics: Studies the nature of beauty and art. Part of Value Theory.
- Logic: Reasoning and shit; stuff like Fallacies.
On Rationality
- Aristotle believed that Rationality is our distinguishing characteristic—what sets us apart from the beasts. Our ability to reason and be persuaded by Arguments.
- Plato believed we had a Tripartite Soul and that humans were ruled by the rational part of the soul.
Types of Arguments
Validity vs. Truth
Validity only states that if the premises are true then the conclusion can’t be false, but that doesn’t mean that the premises prove your conclusion to be correct.
E.g.: All humans have tails. Socrates is a human. Therefore Socrates has a tail.
The argument is valid but Premise A is not true, therefore the conclusion may not be true.